ABSTRACT
The confinement of pigs stands out as a great generator of swine wastewater (SW). The final destination of waste generated is currently a concern of society, since if handled improperly, it can cause serious impacts to the environment. One of the alternatives is the use of SW as a source of nutrients, which are made available to the plants, after the mineralization of organic matter. The objective of this work was to compare soil chemical attributes under two planting arrangements, in single and double lines of Corymbia citriodora. Two experiments were carried out at the Bonsucesso farm, in Uberlândia-MG, the first with C. citriodora in simple lines, with five plants per plot, spacing two meters between plants and 15 meters between rows. The second experiment was with C. citriodora in double lines, with two meters between plants in the line, three meters between lines in the plot and 15 meters between the double lines of C. citriodora. The statistical design was in randomized blocks. The treatments used were five doses of SW (0; 200; 400; 600 and 800 m³ ha-1) with five replicates. The application of SW rates was divided in the dry season, in the months of June, July and August. The chemical characteristics of the soil were evaluated in the 0-20 cm depth layer. Planting on double lines of C. citriodora provided higher soil nutrient contents. The application of swine wastewater raised the levels of potassium and heavy metals such as copper and zinc. The dose of 200 m3ha-1provided adequate levels for most nutrients present in the soil.
O confinamento de suínos destaca-se como grande gerador de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS). O destino final de resíduos gerados é atualmente uma preocupação da sociedade, uma vez que, se manejados de forma inadequada, podem provocar sérios impactos ao meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas é o uso da ARS como fonte de nutrientes, que após a mineralização da matéria orgânica, são disponibilizados para as plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os atributos químicos do solo sob dois arranjos de plantio, em linhas simples e duplas de Corymbia citriodora. Foram implantados dois experimentos na fazenda Bonsucesso, em Uberlândia-MG, sendo o primeiro com C. citriodora em linhas simples, com cinco plantas por parcela, com espaçamento de dois metros entre plantas e 15 metros entre linhas. O segundo experimento foi com C. citriodora em linhas duplas, com dois metros entre plantas na linha, três metros entre linhas na parcela e 15 metros entre as linhas duplas de C. citriodora. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos utilizados foram cinco doses de ARS (0; 200; 400; 600 e 800 m³ ha-1) com cinco repetições. A aplicação das doses de ARS foram parceladas na estação da seca, nos meses de junho, julho e agosto. Foram avaliadas as características químicas do solo, na camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade. O plantio realizado em linhas duplas de C. citriodora proporcionou maiores teores de nutrientes no solo. A aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura elevou os teores de potássio e de metais pesados como o cobre e o zinco. A dose de 200 m3 ha-1 proporcionou teores adequados para maioria dos nutrientes presentes no solo.
Subject(s)
Soil , Swine , Metals, Heavy , WastewaterABSTRACT
O Esterco líquido de suínos (ELS) pode ser usado como fertilizante orgânico, mas seu uso incorreto pode contaminar o solo e os mananciais de água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de nutrientes ao solo, através do ELS, sobre a produção de matéria seca (MS) e o acúmulo de nutrientes de uma pastagem de aveia branca+azevém (Avena sativa + Lolium multiflorum). Um experimento foi realizado de 2004 a 2006, no campo experimental da UTFPR, em Pato Branco, Paraná, Brasil. O solo era um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Diferentes doses (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120m³ ha-1) de ELS foram aplicadas na pastagem, aos 20 e 61 dias após a emergência (DAE) da pastagem, em 2004, e aos 30 e 67DAE, em 2005. Outras duas aplicações foram realizadas nas culturas de verão, milho em 2004 e soja em 2005, respectivamente. A maior produção de MS foi obtida com a dose de 120m³ ha-1 de ELS, tanto no primeiro, quanto no segundo ano. A absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas respondeu de forma linear à aplicação de esterco líquido de suínos.
The pig slurry can be used as an organic fertilizer but its improper use can contaminate water and soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient addition to the soil on pasture oat + ryegrass (Avena sativa + Lolium multiflorum) dry matter production and nutrient uptake. One experiment was carried out from 2004 to 2006, installed in the experimental farm of UTFPR in Pato Branco, Paraná State, Brazil. The soil was an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, Brazil systems). Different rates (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120m³ ha-1) of pig slurry were applied in the pasture. The pig slurry applications were performed 20 and 61 days after emergence (DAE) of pasture, in 2004, and 30 and 67DAE of pasture in 2005. Another two applications were performed in summer crops, corn in 2004 and soybean in 2005. In both years the rate 120m³ ha-1 of pig slurry resulted in the highest dry matter production. The nutrient uptake by plants responded in a linear manner to pig slurry application.
ABSTRACT
The soil C, N, P and K content of agricultural soil were measured over the last 4 decades in NE Catalonia (NE Spain). Plant-available P and K increased by ca 109 and 105% respectively and total N decreased by 30%. The increases in plant-available P content are in accordance with the increasingly used pig slurry being very rich in P, and with P tendency to be retained in soils, since it is less mobile than N. The total soil N (Ntot) decrease occurred in the first decade (by 41%). The uptake and withdrawal of mineral N by crops and the leaching of mineral N into groundwater and rivers after torrential rainfalls were the two likely major pathways of N-loss from the soil. After the first decade, there has been no further decrease of Ntot as a result of the increasing fertilization of these fields, including the increasing applications of pig slurry. These results show an increasing P eutrophication in Mediterranean agricultural soils and will have several consequences for the next decades with (i) an increasing unbalance between N and P (and K) in soils that might affect crop productivity, (ii) an increasing leaching of N as nitrate to continental waters, both ground and surface waters, and (iii) a consequent need for the establishment of another fertilization strategy based on lowering the use of pig slurry and on increasing the use of fertilizers of slow mineralization that increase soil organic matter, and stabilise the soil N and P contents.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial resistance of 96 Escherichia coli strains isolated from a stabilization pond system on a pig-breeding farm was evaluated. Strains were tested for their resistance against 14 antimicrobial using the agar diffusion method. E. coli strains showed resistance to tetracycline (82.3 percent), nalidixic acid (64 percent), ampicilin (41 percent), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprin (36 percent), sulfonamide (34 percent), cloranphenicol (274 percent), ciprofloxacin (19 percent), cefaclor (16 percent), streptomicyn (7.3 percent), neomicyn (1 percent), amoxacilin/ clavulanic acid (1 percent), and amikacin (1 percent). No resistance was observed to gentamicin and tobramycin, and 37.5 percent of E. coli strains were resistant to four or more antimicrobials. The multiresistance pattern was found in strains isolated during all sampled period. Strains showed a high variability in the antimicrobial resistance pattern.